Today I was interviewed at the library for a news organization. The broad overview of the story had something to do with the immigration issue in Fremont. For those of you who don't know, Fremont is pretty much the shit storm of immigration issues because most of the people who live here are rubes and bigots and assholes who see any dark skinned individual as a fence hopping, job stealing, ILLEGAL!
Now, my job here at the library is to sign kids up for library cards. I've been doing a pretty good job of it. I also admit that part of my job has been to get more individuals of Hispanic descent into the library, mostly because the Hispanic community in Fremont is an underserved population in terms of services we offer (as an aside, we don't have a single Spanish speaking individual on staff, nor do we have any people of color so I can't imagine why we wouldn't have more people of color in the doors).
Anyway. I just want to vent some frustration about how the interview went down because the library director was like an obtrusive school teacher because she was worried I would get "baited" by the interviewer and give a shitty soundbite.
Grr!
Thursday, March 11, 2010
Saturday, March 6, 2010
US vs Japan in a battle for cultural dominance
Newcomb, A. (2008, December 15). Japan cracking us pop culture hegemony. The Christian Science Monitor.
This article talks about the new trend of popular culture being shaped by counties other than the United States. It talks about the transformation of Japan from economic Juggernaut, challenging the US and other countries for superiority in diverse markets like automobiles, supercomputers and microchips, to the county now setting the trend for what is "cool." According to the article, Japan has the most Michelin-starred restaurants in the world, with eight of those restaurants earning the top award of 3-stars (there are only 81 3-star restaurants in the whole world). The article also looks at Japans involvement in literary popular culture, including the increase of mangas popularity as an art form and literary style all over the world.
The article is important for the class because it shows us something we haven't really talked about yet and that's the power of other cultures to exert a cultural hegemony on America. We have had a lot of discussion about the cultural power exerted by American LIS and how that affects the world as a whole, but we haven't taken into account the influence that other countries have on us.
Another thing it shows us is that America is not the only hegemony on the block looking to broker influence in the foreign field. This is just an example of popular culture, but imagine what China and the EU are doing to exert their world view on countries in Europe and Asia. And look at the power that the USSR used to have in exerting it's cultural hegemony in the region before it's fall. I feel that we keep forgetting that we are not the only show in town, and this article does us a service to examine the plurality of the hegemony market.
Lastly, I would like to leave it with a quote from the article. It's an observation by Bruce Rutledge about the difference between American and Japanese culture. "I always feel like US culture bashes down doors, while Japanese culture seeps in under the door." I don't think it could have been said any better than that.
This article talks about the new trend of popular culture being shaped by counties other than the United States. It talks about the transformation of Japan from economic Juggernaut, challenging the US and other countries for superiority in diverse markets like automobiles, supercomputers and microchips, to the county now setting the trend for what is "cool." According to the article, Japan has the most Michelin-starred restaurants in the world, with eight of those restaurants earning the top award of 3-stars (there are only 81 3-star restaurants in the whole world). The article also looks at Japans involvement in literary popular culture, including the increase of mangas popularity as an art form and literary style all over the world.
The article is important for the class because it shows us something we haven't really talked about yet and that's the power of other cultures to exert a cultural hegemony on America. We have had a lot of discussion about the cultural power exerted by American LIS and how that affects the world as a whole, but we haven't taken into account the influence that other countries have on us.
Another thing it shows us is that America is not the only hegemony on the block looking to broker influence in the foreign field. This is just an example of popular culture, but imagine what China and the EU are doing to exert their world view on countries in Europe and Asia. And look at the power that the USSR used to have in exerting it's cultural hegemony in the region before it's fall. I feel that we keep forgetting that we are not the only show in town, and this article does us a service to examine the plurality of the hegemony market.
Lastly, I would like to leave it with a quote from the article. It's an observation by Bruce Rutledge about the difference between American and Japanese culture. "I always feel like US culture bashes down doors, while Japanese culture seeps in under the door." I don't think it could have been said any better than that.
Wednesday, March 3, 2010
An awesome thing that I'm doing
Really quick:
I'm automating a library with Tim. Trinity's school library still runs on cards. We are working on an open source ILS that will allow us to catalog the library on a computer and allow them to circulate books using scanners and the like. It's going to be sweet!
Jake
I'm automating a library with Tim. Trinity's school library still runs on cards. We are working on an open source ILS that will allow us to catalog the library on a computer and allow them to circulate books using scanners and the like. It's going to be sweet!
Jake
Funding the Library
Jake Rundle
Public Library
Assignment #2
The topic for the last couple of weeks in class has been centered on the biggest issue I can think of in Public libraries to date: funding. Not only is the economy down, but even when the nation was not in a tanked economy, the library was suffering. Budget cuts and belt tightening are becoming a yearly way of life for librarian professionals. What makes this all the harder is that some libraries are paid for with city property taxes. That means that a weak housing market and foreclosures a new reality in many people’s lives, the library is losing money everywhere it turns. The five articles I have reviewed are all taking a look at how the library pays for itself, and how it pays for itself in this tough economic climate. Some articles, like in Davis, look specifically at library technology and what it costs to sustain this integral service to library patrons. Meanwhile, in one of the Pearson articles, he talks about the community involvement and the creation of Friends groups as a means of helping a library that is losing its public funding more and more often in the yearly budget.
What ties all the articles together, even more than the big theme of “we’ve all got less money and more patrons” is the simple ways these libraries are trying to combat this increasingly alarming issue. Whether it is the creation of a Friends of the Library group or perhaps something as simple as reducing the weekly hours and prioritizing services in the library, the methods approached by the articles were not mind bending mathematics and graduate level accounting tips. These were simple ideas that libraries across the nation have already taken to plug holes in a sinking budget and still offer the highest quality of service that patrons expect to have at their public library. The Smith and Langenkamp article is one exception to the “simple” rule. That article outlines a series of step that can be taken to better use the funds available for purchasing titles for the library. The Davis article is the other exception. It doesn’t give suggestions, but instead gives librarians and other interested parties the hard facts on what it costs to sustain technology in the library. It also gives great information about planning for future technology and what steps the library should take in order to make it happen smoothly.
I think what I find most comforting about all of the articles is that they are relevant to so many libraries at this current point in history. With everyone in the same boat, it’s nice to see that there are still smart people in the library community who are brainstorming for us and giving us the best possible information.
Davis, D. (2009). Challenges to sustaining library technology in a tough economy. Public Library, 48(4), 12-17.
This article is a detailed look at a study done by various library bodies to determine the amount of technology being used in libraries and if there is an increase in library use of technology relative to how far into a recession the country currently is. The ALA Office of Research & Statistics and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded one study, called the Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study. It was a three-year study assesses the public access to computers, the Internet and Internet related services (p. 13). The findings showed that demand for the public access to these services was up but the Internet connections the library was hosting were not as fast as they would have liked to be and skilled librarians needed to help give better service to patrons accessing the computers and the internet are not being hired fast enough.
Another finding of the study was that libraries are seeing a shift in where their money comes from and how it applies to the budget as a whole. On of the more startling facts that I read was that libraries are now relying more on “soft money (fees, fines, donations and grants)” to pay for staff salary. That’s startling because that seems like the kind of money that might not be reliable from a year to year basis. Donations might not be as available or people might not be paying their fines in a certain fiscal year, so how does a library continue to operate and pay its staff with a big “what if” for a budget line?
Pearson, P. (2009). Fundraising and advocacy in tough times. Public Libraries, 48(4), 21-23.
In an economic downturn, when everyone in the nonprofit circle is looking for donors and money, it’s hard to think that the library can really complete with big deal charities like the MDA or Breast Cancer research, however, Pearson gives a remarkably thorough outline of the exact steps a library needs to take in an down year to turn lemons into lemonade.
His first point was to show statistics to reassure those reading the article that most donors to the library will probably not disappear into the ether just because the economy is down. He notes that many donors give out of their paychecks and not their stock portfolios, so there is a reasonable assumption that as long as donors still have jobs they will continue to give in some respect. Another interesting fact he noted was that the creation of new non-profit groups in many states has come to a standstill in recent years. This means that there is not a new source to hemorrhage fundraising dollars because it doesn’t exist.
What Pearson does do very well in this article is showcase a library that takes an economic downturn and makes it into a boon year for the library. He mentions the little acts that a library can do to make the current donors feel appreciated and perhaps increase donations as well. One suggestion is to recognize those donors who have been giving more ten years or more. Another is to give recognition to those donors who give more than a certain dollar amount every year. The Library where Pearson works does this by a luncheon or special program for those donors and thanks them in an annual donor edition of the library newsletter.
His final advice is to not suspend capital campaigns just because the economy is down. He points out that new buildings and renovation needs do not go away just because people are losing money in the stock market.
Smith, A, & Langenkamp, S. (2007). Indexed collection budget allocations. Public Library, 46(5), 50-54.
In tough economic times, it’s generally best to know exactly where the money is coming from and where it is going. This is especially true with the book budget, as it is one of the most important expenses the library has in a given fiscal year. Smith and Langenkamp are Texas librarians who speak to how the library they work with manages the collection as efficiently as possible with the funds they have available and how using a budget index with circulation numbers gives a good foundation for developing the collection from year to year.
The article gave a detailed look at how this Texas library took the budget numbers from each of its collection areas and used that with the circulation numbers to find a dollar amount to spend in the next year’s budget. The library does this by applying an algebra equation that plugs in the various numbers from across the library and puts out a number that can be tracked and utilized by the library in the next fiscal year. The Budget index is the other part of the operation. This particular budget index looks at price per unit numbers and circulation numbers as well as what the current budget says needs to still be purchased in a given area of the library to create a number that more accurately shows how much money should be spent within the areas of collection development.
The conclusion of the article informs readers that the tables and numbers given were only one way of using the budget index to creat a more meaningful output of funds. Another plan is to use numbers based on desired acquisition without looking at circulation. The authors did this last work up to show just how flexible and awesome the budget index could be for the library.
Pearson, D. (2009). It takes a village to support a library. Georgia Library Quarterly, 46(4), 6-7.
This article is a short look at some simple ideas to keep a library afloat in the downed economy.
The first suggestion that Pearson gives is to look at the work the Friends of the Library association can do to help. He notes that the Saint Paul public library’s (where Pearson is associated) Friends association utilizes its own advocacy committee to meet and develop proposals to be given to the mayor and the city council for considerations to the library budget. The Friends groups uses that communication with the city planners to make sure that the library and the city are on the same page with regard to where monies need to go and what is being expended.
Pearson says another important role the Friends group needs to play is the role of fund raiser. Particularly important to this endeavor is having a serious group of individuals be appointed to the Friends of the Library board. These people must see the job they are doing as a valued service to the library. If board members and others in charge don’t see their work at needed, then the library could suffer as a result.
A final note from Pearson tells libraries to keep a stiff upper lip. While it is an “unprecedented time for libraries” it is not the end of the world. He notes that a little planning and a little effort on the part of the library and the library’s Friends organization will go a long way toward the support of the library.
Holland, S, & Verploeg, A. (2009). No easy targets. Public Library, 48(4), 27-38.
This article is a compilation of interviews on a grand scale, encompassing libraries of all sizes and the library directors who run and support them. Some of the issues discussed in the interviews cover coping strategies for the tough economy and prioritizing services to become a sustainable resource during what the authors of the article calls a “changing perception” that has patrons seeing the library as an expendable resource instead of a pillar of the community.
The six libraries surveyed for this article come from all over the nation. Iowa, Nevada, Arizona, New York, Illinois and Connecticut are the six states where the libraries are surveyed. The libraries range in size from the Connecticut library servicing a population of less than 10,000 patrons to the Brooklyn library in New York servicing 2.5 million patrons in the borough. The libraries are all different, but as is becoming a trend, many are facing the same problems. The authors of the survey note some of the trends and some of the reactions to these new trends that these and libraries like them are making in this current economic freefall.
The first trend noted is an increase in use. Book sales were down 7% nationwide, with many of those purchasers turning to the local library to be their resource for reading materials. The same is true for the circulation of music and other materials at the library. There are more people utilizing more and more of the services when the individuals cannot afford it on their own.
Another trend is the dialing down of library hours. The Brooklyn Public Library eliminated all of its Sunday services across all of the Brooklyn branches. It is an effort to save money for the coming fiscal year, but it’s a hard decision to make. Hiring freezes and the elimination of programs with large sustainability costs are other efforts libraries are trying to make to stay ahead of the falling market.
Other decisions being made by the libraries are a focus on prioritized service, putting effort into studying what services are utilized at which branches in an effort to make the cost cutting as painless as possible. In some instances, this has been a successful endeavor. The authors noted that all the libraries tried to make as informed a decision as possible in terms of cost cutting while still offering the best service that could be achieved.
Public Library
Assignment #2
The topic for the last couple of weeks in class has been centered on the biggest issue I can think of in Public libraries to date: funding. Not only is the economy down, but even when the nation was not in a tanked economy, the library was suffering. Budget cuts and belt tightening are becoming a yearly way of life for librarian professionals. What makes this all the harder is that some libraries are paid for with city property taxes. That means that a weak housing market and foreclosures a new reality in many people’s lives, the library is losing money everywhere it turns. The five articles I have reviewed are all taking a look at how the library pays for itself, and how it pays for itself in this tough economic climate. Some articles, like in Davis, look specifically at library technology and what it costs to sustain this integral service to library patrons. Meanwhile, in one of the Pearson articles, he talks about the community involvement and the creation of Friends groups as a means of helping a library that is losing its public funding more and more often in the yearly budget.
What ties all the articles together, even more than the big theme of “we’ve all got less money and more patrons” is the simple ways these libraries are trying to combat this increasingly alarming issue. Whether it is the creation of a Friends of the Library group or perhaps something as simple as reducing the weekly hours and prioritizing services in the library, the methods approached by the articles were not mind bending mathematics and graduate level accounting tips. These were simple ideas that libraries across the nation have already taken to plug holes in a sinking budget and still offer the highest quality of service that patrons expect to have at their public library. The Smith and Langenkamp article is one exception to the “simple” rule. That article outlines a series of step that can be taken to better use the funds available for purchasing titles for the library. The Davis article is the other exception. It doesn’t give suggestions, but instead gives librarians and other interested parties the hard facts on what it costs to sustain technology in the library. It also gives great information about planning for future technology and what steps the library should take in order to make it happen smoothly.
I think what I find most comforting about all of the articles is that they are relevant to so many libraries at this current point in history. With everyone in the same boat, it’s nice to see that there are still smart people in the library community who are brainstorming for us and giving us the best possible information.
Davis, D. (2009). Challenges to sustaining library technology in a tough economy. Public Library, 48(4), 12-17.
This article is a detailed look at a study done by various library bodies to determine the amount of technology being used in libraries and if there is an increase in library use of technology relative to how far into a recession the country currently is. The ALA Office of Research & Statistics and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded one study, called the Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study. It was a three-year study assesses the public access to computers, the Internet and Internet related services (p. 13). The findings showed that demand for the public access to these services was up but the Internet connections the library was hosting were not as fast as they would have liked to be and skilled librarians needed to help give better service to patrons accessing the computers and the internet are not being hired fast enough.
Another finding of the study was that libraries are seeing a shift in where their money comes from and how it applies to the budget as a whole. On of the more startling facts that I read was that libraries are now relying more on “soft money (fees, fines, donations and grants)” to pay for staff salary. That’s startling because that seems like the kind of money that might not be reliable from a year to year basis. Donations might not be as available or people might not be paying their fines in a certain fiscal year, so how does a library continue to operate and pay its staff with a big “what if” for a budget line?
Pearson, P. (2009). Fundraising and advocacy in tough times. Public Libraries, 48(4), 21-23.
In an economic downturn, when everyone in the nonprofit circle is looking for donors and money, it’s hard to think that the library can really complete with big deal charities like the MDA or Breast Cancer research, however, Pearson gives a remarkably thorough outline of the exact steps a library needs to take in an down year to turn lemons into lemonade.
His first point was to show statistics to reassure those reading the article that most donors to the library will probably not disappear into the ether just because the economy is down. He notes that many donors give out of their paychecks and not their stock portfolios, so there is a reasonable assumption that as long as donors still have jobs they will continue to give in some respect. Another interesting fact he noted was that the creation of new non-profit groups in many states has come to a standstill in recent years. This means that there is not a new source to hemorrhage fundraising dollars because it doesn’t exist.
What Pearson does do very well in this article is showcase a library that takes an economic downturn and makes it into a boon year for the library. He mentions the little acts that a library can do to make the current donors feel appreciated and perhaps increase donations as well. One suggestion is to recognize those donors who have been giving more ten years or more. Another is to give recognition to those donors who give more than a certain dollar amount every year. The Library where Pearson works does this by a luncheon or special program for those donors and thanks them in an annual donor edition of the library newsletter.
His final advice is to not suspend capital campaigns just because the economy is down. He points out that new buildings and renovation needs do not go away just because people are losing money in the stock market.
Smith, A, & Langenkamp, S. (2007). Indexed collection budget allocations. Public Library, 46(5), 50-54.
In tough economic times, it’s generally best to know exactly where the money is coming from and where it is going. This is especially true with the book budget, as it is one of the most important expenses the library has in a given fiscal year. Smith and Langenkamp are Texas librarians who speak to how the library they work with manages the collection as efficiently as possible with the funds they have available and how using a budget index with circulation numbers gives a good foundation for developing the collection from year to year.
The article gave a detailed look at how this Texas library took the budget numbers from each of its collection areas and used that with the circulation numbers to find a dollar amount to spend in the next year’s budget. The library does this by applying an algebra equation that plugs in the various numbers from across the library and puts out a number that can be tracked and utilized by the library in the next fiscal year. The Budget index is the other part of the operation. This particular budget index looks at price per unit numbers and circulation numbers as well as what the current budget says needs to still be purchased in a given area of the library to create a number that more accurately shows how much money should be spent within the areas of collection development.
The conclusion of the article informs readers that the tables and numbers given were only one way of using the budget index to creat a more meaningful output of funds. Another plan is to use numbers based on desired acquisition without looking at circulation. The authors did this last work up to show just how flexible and awesome the budget index could be for the library.
Pearson, D. (2009). It takes a village to support a library. Georgia Library Quarterly, 46(4), 6-7.
This article is a short look at some simple ideas to keep a library afloat in the downed economy.
The first suggestion that Pearson gives is to look at the work the Friends of the Library association can do to help. He notes that the Saint Paul public library’s (where Pearson is associated) Friends association utilizes its own advocacy committee to meet and develop proposals to be given to the mayor and the city council for considerations to the library budget. The Friends groups uses that communication with the city planners to make sure that the library and the city are on the same page with regard to where monies need to go and what is being expended.
Pearson says another important role the Friends group needs to play is the role of fund raiser. Particularly important to this endeavor is having a serious group of individuals be appointed to the Friends of the Library board. These people must see the job they are doing as a valued service to the library. If board members and others in charge don’t see their work at needed, then the library could suffer as a result.
A final note from Pearson tells libraries to keep a stiff upper lip. While it is an “unprecedented time for libraries” it is not the end of the world. He notes that a little planning and a little effort on the part of the library and the library’s Friends organization will go a long way toward the support of the library.
Holland, S, & Verploeg, A. (2009). No easy targets. Public Library, 48(4), 27-38.
This article is a compilation of interviews on a grand scale, encompassing libraries of all sizes and the library directors who run and support them. Some of the issues discussed in the interviews cover coping strategies for the tough economy and prioritizing services to become a sustainable resource during what the authors of the article calls a “changing perception” that has patrons seeing the library as an expendable resource instead of a pillar of the community.
The six libraries surveyed for this article come from all over the nation. Iowa, Nevada, Arizona, New York, Illinois and Connecticut are the six states where the libraries are surveyed. The libraries range in size from the Connecticut library servicing a population of less than 10,000 patrons to the Brooklyn library in New York servicing 2.5 million patrons in the borough. The libraries are all different, but as is becoming a trend, many are facing the same problems. The authors of the survey note some of the trends and some of the reactions to these new trends that these and libraries like them are making in this current economic freefall.
The first trend noted is an increase in use. Book sales were down 7% nationwide, with many of those purchasers turning to the local library to be their resource for reading materials. The same is true for the circulation of music and other materials at the library. There are more people utilizing more and more of the services when the individuals cannot afford it on their own.
Another trend is the dialing down of library hours. The Brooklyn Public Library eliminated all of its Sunday services across all of the Brooklyn branches. It is an effort to save money for the coming fiscal year, but it’s a hard decision to make. Hiring freezes and the elimination of programs with large sustainability costs are other efforts libraries are trying to make to stay ahead of the falling market.
Other decisions being made by the libraries are a focus on prioritized service, putting effort into studying what services are utilized at which branches in an effort to make the cost cutting as painless as possible. In some instances, this has been a successful endeavor. The authors noted that all the libraries tried to make as informed a decision as possible in terms of cost cutting while still offering the best service that could be achieved.
Public Libraries around the world
When we think of libraries of the world, we should probably think about shapes. We all know that there are many different shapes, some with five edges, some with six edges, and some with no edges at all. The same is true for public libraries across the world. While many of them are very similar, most of them all have something a little different about them that makes them unique to the country they reside in and the people they serve.
What I found to be most interesting about all of my articles was the notice given to service. In China, it was noted that though libraries increased in number, they decreased in service. At the same time, libraries in Africa of one type served a completely different role in the community than another type did; and that one type of library a better job than another. One study noted that service to Young adults was available, but lacking. Another looked at the vast presence of public libraries in England and the services provided to its citizens. All were looking at different points of the world, and yet all were focused keenly on the area of service. What is interesting about that is how it pertains to our discussions the last few weeks. We have been looking at mission and location and service to community. It shouldn’t surprise me that other libraries around the world are similarly focused on serving the patron, but it never crossed my mind to think that Africa had the same problems with young adult readers as American librarians have, or that in some places in America, the role of the library is being marginalized to a storage facility just as in China it is being marginalized into a business. The parallels from library to library are the same, even though the countries are in some instances completely dissimilar (i.e. America and China).
Another common thread I found throughout was the dedication of the researcher to find out answers to some tough questions. I have never done a study before, so the idea of surveying 8 different villages in Africa or Library directors and community leaders in China seems daunting to me. That being said, it’s interesting to note the kinds of focus each author brings to the question. I often wonder as I read these journal articles what kind of investment these scholars have in the answers. I wonder about their agenda, or maybe more appropriately, their mission. Scholars do not come with mission statements, just with a desire to find new knowledge in the field they find interesting. I’m curious to see what a study on librarian scholars would find.
To conclude, I think there is something to be said about the similarities shared by public libraries and the people who write about them. Even though each comes from a different place, the institutions and the people tend to share common threads. They are shapes. Sometimes libraries have six sides and sometimes scholars have ten sides, but each aligns to the others in its similarities, even as it celebrates the difference.
Usherwood, B. (2002). The Inspiration and the facts: library and information services in the United Kingdom. IFLA journal, 28(136), 136-152.
Usherwood’s article is about the services and organization of the United Kingdom’s libraries. Since IFLA was to be held in Scotland in 2002, this article was meant to show attendees the types of library services in and around the country. While Scotland is not a part of the UK, it is a close neighbor and is shares some similarities with UK libraries.
The article describes services the UK libraries have offered in recent history, including an expansion of refugee resources; the ties to the “National Grid of Learning” as described in the paper “The learning age” which focused on the socio-political advantages of lifelong learning; the process of digitizing rare collections all over the world so that access can be increased; and the focus on books and reading.
The article also described the means by which the UK library held itself accountable to the country. The library, like many other entities in a country, has to be both sustainable and offer good service. The article notes that government at the time (PM Tony Blair) looked for the library to provide the “best value” to patrons, which tries to be both sustainable and serviceable.
Hart, G. (2006). The Information literacy education readiness of public libraries in Mpumalanga province (South Africa). Libri, 56, 48-62.
Hart’s article investigates one phase of a study about the readiness of public libraries in South Africa to take on a greater role in information literacy education, especially with regard to school-aged children. The study has two phases, and this article is a report on the first part: the interview surveys that will inform the follow up survey, or phase two.
The methodology of the study took careful focus on the design of the first phase because it was the broad survey that would later be used to bring in tighter focus on areas of interest to the researchers. The sampling of the designated area was also a factor taken into consideration. Mpumalanga province has six geographical regions that include both “big” (45,000 books or more) and “small” (having only one staff member).
The study concludes that respondents’ descriptions show a lack in knowledge of information literacy. This can partly be contributed to librarians seeing their job as the brokers of information, thereby not taking the time to educate the patrons on how to access their own information. Another factor to the lack of knowledge can be the limited number of staff or space in a given library where the service of information literacy just won’t do.
Yu, L. and Xu, J. (2006). The Political economy of public library development in post-1978 People's Republic of China. Libri, 56, 117-132.
Yu’s article is an examination of the public libraries in China following the 1978 economic reforms and onward. He notes that an extensive amount of study has been dedicated to the health care and education sectors of China, but not many have taken a deep look at the public library system and how it has been impacted by the rise of economic development of China.
The article looked at two data sources: the first is published statistics from the mid 1980’s to the present, professional literature and published speeches of government officials relating to public libraries. The second is empirical data collected through site visits to twelve local and four province libraries where interviews were taken from local officials and library directors. The four province libraries represent the varied development levels across the whole of China.
The study looked at several different areas of interest to develop some answers. For example, the growth of new libraries across the country is noted as increasing significantly from 1980 to 1999, jumping from 1732 libraries to 2769 libraries. Libraries, it turned out, while being neglected during the Cultural Revolution, were held as a major cultural edifice of urban life and so local governments clamored to construct new buildings or more buildings for libraries. Another focus of libraries that shifted after 1978 was the mission to the public. Prior to 1978, the library was held as an important organization to spread socialist ideology, but following 1978; the library was turned into a means of increasing economic construction.
The problem with this rapid growth of libraries was the methods local governments were turning toward in order to make the library efficient. They put quotas on library labor that could be measured (catalogers, shelvers, etc.) and introduced a management style that was more suited for a business than a library. While more libraries were opening, the level of access and assistance toward the community diminished.
The article concludes that while the economic reforms of China brought libraries into the forefront of economic growth, it has been increasingly marginalized in terms of public service because of its focus on economic growth. Market forces have lowered the level of service given by public libraries in China and the public service ethos of the library is minimal zed.
Kevane, M. (2008). How much do village libraries increase reading? Results of a survey of 10th graders in Burkina Faso. Libri, 58, 202-210.
The article by Kevane is a survey of reading habits in a country in Africa. The author first gives some background knowledge on the impact of reading and the availability of reading materials at a young age. Extensive research has been put forth to show that having access to books will greatly increase learning at the younger age groups. While there are some studies available to look at how many African children are reading for pleasure as opposed to reading for school, they are mostly only looking at a small population or village so no greater insight can really be determined. The introduction also notes the effect libraries have reading for pleasure in Africa. This survey hopes to shed some light on the reading habits of young adults.
The survey was conducted in secondary schools in eight villages in the country of Burkina Faso. The study looked at four villages with secondary schools and a public library and four villages that had a secondary school and no public library. In each village, the participants filled out a questionnaire that asked about socioeconomic background, accessibility of books and reading habits. The questionnaire took approximately one hour to complete.
The results (data sets shown in graphs and tables) were a little complicated. In towns that had nonprofit funded libraries, reading was up compared to towns that did not have nonprofit funded libraries. However, in towns that had government funded libraries, reading was less prevalent compared to the nonprofit libraries. One reason stated for this was the accessibility and depth of the collection between the two libraries. The nonprofit funded libraries are more open to community use, while the government funded libraries are more for the aide of teachers and community leaders.
The conclusions, according to the author, are that reading is quite low in Burkina Faso but villages with nonprofit funded libraries are able to double the reading level as opposed to villages without libraries and villages with government libraries.
Kargbo, J. (2007). Public library programming for the young adult reader: the Sierra Leone experience. Libri, 57, 65-68.
Kargbo’s article is about the issues and attempts to give good service to one of the hardest reading groups in Sierra Leone. He begins by describing the political, ethnic, and monetary standing of the country as well as a brief description of the term “young adult.”
Kargbo’s next point is to describe the agreements made in the white paper on educational development, which was developed by the Sierra Leone government. It called for the establishment of a library board as well as “support [….] programs of adult and fundamental education; provide effective services to children and young adult peoples [….]; provide much needed information and reference services; promote and stimulate reading […and] provide where needed, adequate services for special groups, that is women and girls, language groups […]” The white paper also called for nationwide support and supply of books to primary schools as well as advisory assistance to the teacher college.
The Sierra Leone public library has traditionally been looked at as the “peoples university” and has long been a home for those who are doing independent studies. While this can include the young adults of Sierra Leone, other steps made by librarians to engage young adult readers is to start book clubs and book discussions as well as creating book lists, book displays, and book exhibits for young adults to peruse at school and in the library. Other steps are to bring in live music, poetry, and drama performances into the public library space.
The article concludes that programming with the young adult in mind can be challenging, but the Sierra Leone library board has found a way to provide an acceptable level of service. While it could be much, much better, the country is doing a fine job.
What I found to be most interesting about all of my articles was the notice given to service. In China, it was noted that though libraries increased in number, they decreased in service. At the same time, libraries in Africa of one type served a completely different role in the community than another type did; and that one type of library a better job than another. One study noted that service to Young adults was available, but lacking. Another looked at the vast presence of public libraries in England and the services provided to its citizens. All were looking at different points of the world, and yet all were focused keenly on the area of service. What is interesting about that is how it pertains to our discussions the last few weeks. We have been looking at mission and location and service to community. It shouldn’t surprise me that other libraries around the world are similarly focused on serving the patron, but it never crossed my mind to think that Africa had the same problems with young adult readers as American librarians have, or that in some places in America, the role of the library is being marginalized to a storage facility just as in China it is being marginalized into a business. The parallels from library to library are the same, even though the countries are in some instances completely dissimilar (i.e. America and China).
Another common thread I found throughout was the dedication of the researcher to find out answers to some tough questions. I have never done a study before, so the idea of surveying 8 different villages in Africa or Library directors and community leaders in China seems daunting to me. That being said, it’s interesting to note the kinds of focus each author brings to the question. I often wonder as I read these journal articles what kind of investment these scholars have in the answers. I wonder about their agenda, or maybe more appropriately, their mission. Scholars do not come with mission statements, just with a desire to find new knowledge in the field they find interesting. I’m curious to see what a study on librarian scholars would find.
To conclude, I think there is something to be said about the similarities shared by public libraries and the people who write about them. Even though each comes from a different place, the institutions and the people tend to share common threads. They are shapes. Sometimes libraries have six sides and sometimes scholars have ten sides, but each aligns to the others in its similarities, even as it celebrates the difference.
Usherwood, B. (2002). The Inspiration and the facts: library and information services in the United Kingdom. IFLA journal, 28(136), 136-152.
Usherwood’s article is about the services and organization of the United Kingdom’s libraries. Since IFLA was to be held in Scotland in 2002, this article was meant to show attendees the types of library services in and around the country. While Scotland is not a part of the UK, it is a close neighbor and is shares some similarities with UK libraries.
The article describes services the UK libraries have offered in recent history, including an expansion of refugee resources; the ties to the “National Grid of Learning” as described in the paper “The learning age” which focused on the socio-political advantages of lifelong learning; the process of digitizing rare collections all over the world so that access can be increased; and the focus on books and reading.
The article also described the means by which the UK library held itself accountable to the country. The library, like many other entities in a country, has to be both sustainable and offer good service. The article notes that government at the time (PM Tony Blair) looked for the library to provide the “best value” to patrons, which tries to be both sustainable and serviceable.
Hart, G. (2006). The Information literacy education readiness of public libraries in Mpumalanga province (South Africa). Libri, 56, 48-62.
Hart’s article investigates one phase of a study about the readiness of public libraries in South Africa to take on a greater role in information literacy education, especially with regard to school-aged children. The study has two phases, and this article is a report on the first part: the interview surveys that will inform the follow up survey, or phase two.
The methodology of the study took careful focus on the design of the first phase because it was the broad survey that would later be used to bring in tighter focus on areas of interest to the researchers. The sampling of the designated area was also a factor taken into consideration. Mpumalanga province has six geographical regions that include both “big” (45,000 books or more) and “small” (having only one staff member).
The study concludes that respondents’ descriptions show a lack in knowledge of information literacy. This can partly be contributed to librarians seeing their job as the brokers of information, thereby not taking the time to educate the patrons on how to access their own information. Another factor to the lack of knowledge can be the limited number of staff or space in a given library where the service of information literacy just won’t do.
Yu, L. and Xu, J. (2006). The Political economy of public library development in post-1978 People's Republic of China. Libri, 56, 117-132.
Yu’s article is an examination of the public libraries in China following the 1978 economic reforms and onward. He notes that an extensive amount of study has been dedicated to the health care and education sectors of China, but not many have taken a deep look at the public library system and how it has been impacted by the rise of economic development of China.
The article looked at two data sources: the first is published statistics from the mid 1980’s to the present, professional literature and published speeches of government officials relating to public libraries. The second is empirical data collected through site visits to twelve local and four province libraries where interviews were taken from local officials and library directors. The four province libraries represent the varied development levels across the whole of China.
The study looked at several different areas of interest to develop some answers. For example, the growth of new libraries across the country is noted as increasing significantly from 1980 to 1999, jumping from 1732 libraries to 2769 libraries. Libraries, it turned out, while being neglected during the Cultural Revolution, were held as a major cultural edifice of urban life and so local governments clamored to construct new buildings or more buildings for libraries. Another focus of libraries that shifted after 1978 was the mission to the public. Prior to 1978, the library was held as an important organization to spread socialist ideology, but following 1978; the library was turned into a means of increasing economic construction.
The problem with this rapid growth of libraries was the methods local governments were turning toward in order to make the library efficient. They put quotas on library labor that could be measured (catalogers, shelvers, etc.) and introduced a management style that was more suited for a business than a library. While more libraries were opening, the level of access and assistance toward the community diminished.
The article concludes that while the economic reforms of China brought libraries into the forefront of economic growth, it has been increasingly marginalized in terms of public service because of its focus on economic growth. Market forces have lowered the level of service given by public libraries in China and the public service ethos of the library is minimal zed.
Kevane, M. (2008). How much do village libraries increase reading? Results of a survey of 10th graders in Burkina Faso. Libri, 58, 202-210.
The article by Kevane is a survey of reading habits in a country in Africa. The author first gives some background knowledge on the impact of reading and the availability of reading materials at a young age. Extensive research has been put forth to show that having access to books will greatly increase learning at the younger age groups. While there are some studies available to look at how many African children are reading for pleasure as opposed to reading for school, they are mostly only looking at a small population or village so no greater insight can really be determined. The introduction also notes the effect libraries have reading for pleasure in Africa. This survey hopes to shed some light on the reading habits of young adults.
The survey was conducted in secondary schools in eight villages in the country of Burkina Faso. The study looked at four villages with secondary schools and a public library and four villages that had a secondary school and no public library. In each village, the participants filled out a questionnaire that asked about socioeconomic background, accessibility of books and reading habits. The questionnaire took approximately one hour to complete.
The results (data sets shown in graphs and tables) were a little complicated. In towns that had nonprofit funded libraries, reading was up compared to towns that did not have nonprofit funded libraries. However, in towns that had government funded libraries, reading was less prevalent compared to the nonprofit libraries. One reason stated for this was the accessibility and depth of the collection between the two libraries. The nonprofit funded libraries are more open to community use, while the government funded libraries are more for the aide of teachers and community leaders.
The conclusions, according to the author, are that reading is quite low in Burkina Faso but villages with nonprofit funded libraries are able to double the reading level as opposed to villages without libraries and villages with government libraries.
Kargbo, J. (2007). Public library programming for the young adult reader: the Sierra Leone experience. Libri, 57, 65-68.
Kargbo’s article is about the issues and attempts to give good service to one of the hardest reading groups in Sierra Leone. He begins by describing the political, ethnic, and monetary standing of the country as well as a brief description of the term “young adult.”
Kargbo’s next point is to describe the agreements made in the white paper on educational development, which was developed by the Sierra Leone government. It called for the establishment of a library board as well as “support [….] programs of adult and fundamental education; provide effective services to children and young adult peoples [….]; provide much needed information and reference services; promote and stimulate reading […and] provide where needed, adequate services for special groups, that is women and girls, language groups […]” The white paper also called for nationwide support and supply of books to primary schools as well as advisory assistance to the teacher college.
The Sierra Leone public library has traditionally been looked at as the “peoples university” and has long been a home for those who are doing independent studies. While this can include the young adults of Sierra Leone, other steps made by librarians to engage young adult readers is to start book clubs and book discussions as well as creating book lists, book displays, and book exhibits for young adults to peruse at school and in the library. Other steps are to bring in live music, poetry, and drama performances into the public library space.
The article concludes that programming with the young adult in mind can be challenging, but the Sierra Leone library board has found a way to provide an acceptable level of service. While it could be much, much better, the country is doing a fine job.
Library of Congress Subject headings
Library of Congress Subject Headings
For over 100 years, the Library of Congress has been supplying subject headings to the collection. At first, it was in order to create a form of order for just the Library of Congress. However, as more and more libraries began to adopt the subject headings the LOC developed, the LOC began to expand the distribution of subject headings, first in volumes and supplements produced in book form, and more recently in Microfiche, CD, and online at Cataloger’s Desktop. The LOC subject headings are one of the most influential descriptors in the library, giving librarians a guide and controlled vocabulary for describing materials uniformly across all levels of library. Some, like Thomas Mann, are passionate about maintaining the Library of Congress’s work with subject headings and their continued use in libraries. Others, like Tom Steele, are advocates for other means of organization, like tagging and keyword search.
Recently, we have been looking at the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) as either the white hat cowboy or the black hat cowboy in everybody’s favorite Western movie. The group discussion has been centered on whether or not the controlled vocabulary of a given system puts one group at a disadvantage over another or in some way imposes a cultural attitude or worldview onto that group. I for one know that the answer to that question is decidedly murky. But there are some opinions that can be gleaned from librarians who are much more “in the know” as well as some answers to just how culturally demanding the LCSHs are.
To begin, it’s best to understand some definitions and then move onto the meat and potatoes of this argument by looking at the literature and seeing just what kind of impact these forms of description are having on society. Merriam-Webster’s dictionary (2010) defines hegemony as “the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group” (http://www.merriam-webster.com/). What this means for the purpose of this discussion is that some scholars and librarians argue that the very nature of a system that describes materials or classifies them into a given order ultimately pushes that system’s worldview onto the users of that system, whether they agree or not. I personally don’t agree with this notion, so I look forward to asking these two questions regarding LCSHs and cultural hegemony: 1. What prejudices do LCSHs exhibit? 2. What assumptions do LCSHs make about their users?
So, what do we see when we look for bias in the LCSHs? The first would be the idea that all subject headings fit neatly into a hierarchy. The way the subject headings work is that all subject terms can be found by following the branch from whence it started. Think of it like a really big “Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral” chart. This assumption submits that all subjects can be traced back up the tree. Olson (2004) states, “all headings are required to have a BT unless they fall into one of the five categories of ‘orphans’” (p. 613). This means that unless you are one of five very special categories, there ought to be a broader term as to what you are described. Another assumption Olson points to is that LCSH “presumes that all catalogers will think of the same hierarchies” (p. 613). While it is important to have rules governing a classification system, it is difficult to expect all librarians using the system to come to the same conclusion for any subject heading. The rules for subject headings is asking quite a lot of the library community go ahead and make the same assumptions about a where a book belongs in the branch. Now, while this is certainly asking a lot of librarians, is it hegemonic? Our definition for hegemony refers to influence being exerted over a dominant group. I would suppose that in this instance there is a little hegemony taking place in the LCSHs. I say that, because the rules are dictating that all headings be put on the tree with a line to follow them up. There is a hierarchy in place, and as soon as a hierarchy becomes apparent then there is chain of command to follow. This ultimately puts those outside the chain of command at a disadvantage. This might be imposing because sometimes there are no good ways to get a hierarchy in place. In those instances, the rules of subject headings ask us to find “intermediate headings” to go in place of missing links. It serves the subject heading by creating fewer orphans in the subject pool, but it also requires libraries to make judgment calls about topics that they might not understand or go along with past decisions about a topic’s home on the tree, even if new information or a new interpretation of the hierarchy can be found or argued.
A second bias of the LCSHs is that everything can be classified into a single heading. While it is true that a bibliographic record can contain many subject headings, it remains that there is an assumption that some book or DVD will contain at least one heading. Since the rules of LCSHs don’t allow for the creating of new subject terms outside of the LoC, this can be an imposition to librarian that wants to assign a subject term for an item that cannot be found in the big red books. What makes this assumption about subject headings a weak argument for cultural hegemony in the system itself is the fact that while the librarian is working with a designated, controlled vocabulary, it does not by any stretch require him to always and forever use it. The great joy of classification and cataloging in a library is that there is always the option to break away from the absolute hierarchical structure of LCSHs and instead add a subject heading that follows the librarian’s line of thinking in terms of placement and access. While the LoC probably frowns on not using the controlled vocabulary (as well as some proponents of LCSHs, like Mann) it also can’t be the subject heading police all the time.
The solution to these issues with LCSHs has been mixed. On the message board for class, some students feel that moving to a keyword search would be far less hegemonic because it would not be controlling the terms of the classification. Others have the notion that regardless of the use of keyword or subject heading, the whole system is a form of hegemony because it is a group of librarians and information specialists deciding where content belongs using a classification scheme. I’m on the fence. I think that there are definitely some problems that could be associated with using a given fixed vocabulary when trying to define something as organic as information, but at the same time, I feel that while any system has the potential to create a cultural hegemony, having no system at all would be a far worse fate. In that instance, while I can feel good that my subject terms are not dictating how my users should think or how they should access their information needs, I can’t find any of the materials my patrons need because there isn’t a clear means of access. It’s a catch-22 for librarians because there is no clear way to win. I personally advocate for the continued use of LCSHs only because to abandon the system now might mean chaos for the library yet to come.
The second question we must ask ourselves about the LCSHs is what kind of assumption do these headings make about the user, and in making those assumptions, how does it exclude members of a community? Thomas Mann (2000) notes that most users would be able find exactly what they were looking for if only they knew there was an encyclopedia (good naturedly called ‘the red books’) for exactly these types of searches. What I mean to say is that the Library of Congress Subject headings assume we know how to use them without any training. Or most specifically, the system was set up with few training wheels unless you know where to go for your information. If you don’t know about the red books then you don’t know how to navigate the subject headings and thereby are swimming in a sea of information with no guide to follow. Mann is not advocating for a removal of the Headings though. In fact, the article I reference is Mann’s attempt to teach others how to best use the LCSHs and the red books to find exactly the information that they need. For the most part, the assumptions made between the LCSHs and users come from the user perspective. Mann references an incident where a journalist was looking for information on Game Shows. The journalist was looking under the subject heading “Television” however, the correct subject heading was “Game Shows” and the titles and information found under the latter were not duplicated in the former (p 119-120). Users cannot assume that looking under the broad topic will result in finding materials under the narrower topic. While this might appear to answer the final question about how these assumptions affect users, it actually relates more to this topic because in making assumptions about the subject headings we are recognizing the assumptions the subject headings make about users.
Another assumption made by the subject headings toward users is that they cover everything we could possibly think of. This is in fact a pretty accurate statement, as far as the expansive collective knowledge of the Library of Congress, but since we’re only human, we usually don’t think in those terms. Tom Steele (2009) talks about how tagging and folksonomies could be used as a means to improve the searching capabilities of users with regard to LCSHs. Another point he brings up is that the problem with controlled vocabularies is their lack of consideration for the “human element” (p. 72). He notes a humorous quote by Cory Doctorow that says, “Metadata creators (even the expert catalogers) are lazy, stupid, dishonest, and self-ignorant.” Steele goes on to quote Doctorow about a particularly interesting passage that shapes the discussion we’ve been having in class the last week. Doctorow said, “Requiring everyone to use the same vocabulary to describe their material denudes the cognitive landscape, enforces homogeneity in ideas. And that’s just not right” (p. 72). Steele and Doctorow ultimately claim that because the LCSHs are governed by controlled vocabulary, it ultimately excludes those who do not fit the “cognitive landscape” and instead awards those who think like sheep and tow the company line. Steele posits that while tagging is no more perfect than a controlled system like LCSHs, at least with tagging there is the opportunity for more access points and search terms and an inclusion of the human element into the process of metadata.
A third assumption the LCSHs make is that they will continue to be relevant to librarianship. While I myself am a huge fan of the LCSHs and the red books, many other professionals in the field are writing about a changing of the guard. More and more, the talk of metadata is about social tagging and collaborative classification. In essence, a lot of social networky, touchy feely, “let’s all just do our best” cataloging. While Mann and his compatriots are urging everyone to keep with the old system of how things run, there are new ideas popping up and some really great innovations in subject classification. One that has been floating around a lot in the literature is LibraryThing. LibraryThing is a social cataloging and classification website. Users add their own materials to their “personal bookshelf” and that then links them to other users who own the same materials. But it doesn’t stop there. Just recently, there was a LibraryThing flashmob that cataloged the White House Library for the fun of it. It might also have been the added controversy regarding the Socialist reading materials one conservative blogger found on the shelves during his White House tour and the claim that Michelle Obama put it there, but journalists have determined that the collection was started back in the Roosevelt administration and was later overseen by Jacqueline Kennedy with the help of Yale Librarian James Babb. It was during the 1960’s over 1700 books were added to the collection (Lowman, 2010, Washingtonpost.com). The point is, when a group of individuals felt the need to classify an entire library, they took the project by the toes and ran with it until it was finished. LibraryThing not only allows users to create their own bookshelves or assist with the development of other, it also links people to ideas and to their notion of how those ideas are organized. If I tag my home library with a relevant classification scheme on LibraryThing, others can see it. They can copy my idea, modify my idea or tell me my classification system is the dumbest thing in the existence of man (after my Stretch Armstrong action figure). The point is that people are at the center of classification, not the Library of Congress. LCSHs assume that we’ll keep using the system because it’s the only thing that’s available. That was the case long ago when it was more cost effective to use what the Library of Congress put out instead of doing the original cataloging. Since the advent of the digital catalog, the need, or perhaps the reliance on the Library of Congress is not as strong. Librarians are now given the option of creating classifications and subject headings that are useful and good for the collection they manage and develop, not what some think tank of librarians say halfway across the country. I think the whole notion is best described by Guy and Tonkin in Mendes et al. (2009) that “despite these problems, some see the benefits of social tagging services as creating ‘the kinds of environments in which we can evolve metadata vocabularies in a natural way’” (p. 32). Is it a good thing? We’ll have to wait and see, but for now just think about how cool it is to be a librarian right now.
To wrap up, LCSHs are a great tool. Do they sometimes enforce a cultural hegemony onto society? Probably. Does the Library of Congress enforce a pretty large culture (over 308,000 subject headings and counting) onto society? Absolutely! The real question will soon become if this will even matter in five years? Tagging is a big part of Web 2.0, and library budgets are getting cut all over the place. Perhaps the LCSHs will go the way of the dinosaur not because of a cultural shift in librarianship, but because it became too costly to maintain. We shall see.
References
Olson, H. (2004). The Ubiquitous hierarchy: an army to overcome the threat of a mob. Library Trends, 52(3), 604-615.
Mann, T. (2001). Teaching library of congress subject headings. Catalog and classification quarterly, 29(1), 117-126.
Steele, T. (2009). The new cooperative cataloging. Library hi tech, 27(1), 68-77.
Mendes, L, Skinner, J, & Skaggs, D. (2009). Subjecting the catalog to tagging. Library hi tech, 27(1), 30-41.
This guys sucks at life!
hello friends.
My sincerely apologies for not posting anything on here. I will tell you that I have been writing an awful lot though, so I'm going to put them up one at a time. I encourage you to read the one about the library of Congress Subject headings. It's good stuff.
Jake
My sincerely apologies for not posting anything on here. I will tell you that I have been writing an awful lot though, so I'm going to put them up one at a time. I encourage you to read the one about the library of Congress Subject headings. It's good stuff.
Jake
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